Immunotherapy and Immunotherapy Combinations in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Although most prostate cancers are localized, and the majority curable, recurrences occur in approximately 35% of men. Among patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence PSA doubling time (PSADT) less than 15 months after radical prostatectomy, cancer accounted for 90% deaths by years recurrence. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) impaired cellular immunity likely largely responsible limited utility checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) advanced compared other types. Thus, immunologically “cold” malignancies such as cancer, clinical trial development has pivoted towards novel approaches to enhance immune responses. Numerous trials currently evaluating combination immunomodulatory strategies incorporating vaccine-based therapies, inhibitors, chimeric receptor (CAR) T cells. Other evaluate efficacy safety these agents’ combinations standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), taxane-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies tyrosine kinase (TKI) poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Here, we will review promising immunotherapies ongoing metastatic castration-resistant (mCRPC). These build on past experiences promise usher a new era treat mCRPC.